Cameras¶

A camera is an object that provides a means of rendering images from Blender. It defines which portion of a scene is visible in the rendered image.

Cameras are invisible in renders, so they do not have any material or texture settings. However, they do have Object and Editing setting panels available which are displayed when a camera is the selected (active!) object.

Properties¶

Reference

Mode: Object Mode
Editor: Properties ‣ Camera

Lens¶

Type

The camera lens options control the way 3D objects are represented in a 2D image.

Perspective

This matches how you view things in the real world. Objects in the distance will appear smaller than objects in the foreground, and parallel lines (such as the rails on a railroad) will appear to converge as they get farther away.

Focal Length/Field of View

The focal length controls the amount of zoom, i.e. the amount of the scene which is visible all at once. Longer focal lengths result in a smaller FOV (more zoom), while short focal lengths allow you to see more of the scene at once (larger FOV, less zoom).

../_images/render_cameras_traintracks-perspective-BI.jpg

Perspective camera with 35 mm focal length.¶

../_images/render_cameras_traintracks-perspective-telephoto-BI.jpg

Perspective camera with 210 mm focal length instead of 35 mm.¶

Lens Unit: The focal length can be set either in terms of millimeters or the actual Field of View as an angle.

Hint

While the camera is moving towards an object the Focal Length property can be decreased to produce a Dolly Zoom camera effect, or vice versa.

This video demonstrates the Dolly Zoom camera effect.

Orthographic

With Orthographic perspective objects always appear at their actual size, regardless of distance. This means that parallel lines appear parallel, and do not converge like they do with Perspective.

Render from the same camera angle as the previous examples, but with orthographic perspective.¶

Orthographic Scale

This controls the apparent size of objects projected on the image.

Note that this is effectively the only setting which applies to orthographic perspective. Since parallel lines do not converge in orthographic mode (no vanishing points), the lens shift settings are equivalent to translating the camera in the 3D View.

../_images/render_cameras_orthographic.svg

Panoramic

Panoramic cameras only work in Cycles. See the Cycles panoramic camera settings for more information.

Shift

Allows for the adjustment of vanishing points. Vanishing points refer to the positions to which parallel lines converge. In these render examples, the most obvious vanishing point is at the end of the railroad.

Horizontal lens shift of 0.330.¶

../_images/render_cameras_traintracks-perspective-rotate-BI.jpg

Rotation of the camera object instead of a lens shift.¶

Notice how the horizontal lines remain perfectly horizontal when using the lens shift, but do get skewed when rotating the camera object.

Note

Using lens shift is equivalent to rendering an image with a larger FOV and cropping it off-center.

Clip Start and End

The interval in which objects are directly visible, Any objects outside this range still influence the image indirectly, as further light bounces are not clipped.

Note

For viewport rendering, setting clipping distances to limited values is important to ensure sufficient rasterization precision. Ray tracing renders do not suffer from this issue so much, and as such more extreme values can safely be set.

Tip

When Limits in the Display panel is enabled, the clip bounds will be visible as two yellow connected dots on the camera line of sight.

Depth of Field¶

Real-world cameras transmit light through a lens that bends and focuses it onto the sensor. Because of this, objects that are a certain distance away are in focus, but objects in front and behind that are blurred.

Example of DOF bokeh effect.¶

The area in focus is called the focal point and can be set using either an exact value, or by using the distance between the camera and a chosen object:

Focus Object: Choose an object which will determine the focal point. Linking an object will deactivate the distance parameter. Typically this is used to give precise control over the position of the focal point, and also allows it to be animated or constrained to another object.
Focal Distance: Sets the distance to the focal point when no Focus Object is specified. If Limits are enabled, a yellow cross is shown on the camera line of sight at this distance.

Hint

Hover the mouse over the Distance property and press E to use a special Depth Picker. Then click on a point in the 3D View to sample the distance from that point to the camera.

Aperture¶

F-Stop: F-Stop ratio that defines the amount of blurring. Lower values give a strong depth of field effect.
Blades: Total number of polygonal blades used to alter the shape of the blurred objects in the render, and render preview. As with the viewport, the minimum amount of blades to enable the bokeh effect is 3, resulting in a triangular-shaped blur.
Rotation: Rotate the polygonal blades along the facing axis, and will rotate in a clockwise, and counter-clockwise fashion.
Ratio: Change the amount of distortion to simulate the anamorphic bokeh effect. A setting of 1.0 shows no distortion, where a number below 1.0 will cause a horizontal distortion, and a higher number will cause a vertical distortion.

Camera¶

Camera Presets: Presets to match real cameras.

Sensor size: This setting is an alternative way to control the focal length, it is useful to match the camera in Blender to a physical camera and lens combination, e.g. for motion tracking.
Sensor Fit: Option to control which dimension (vertical or horizontal) along which field of view angle fits.

Safe Areas¶

Safe areas are guides used to position elements to ensure that the most important parts of the content can be seen across all screens.

Different screens have varying amounts of overscan (especially older TV sets). That means that not all content will be visible to all viewers, since parts of the image surrounding the edges are not shown. To work around this problem TV producers defined two areas where content is guaranteed to be shown: action safe and title safe.

Modern LCD/plasma screens with purely digital signals have no overscan, yet safe areas are still considered best practice and may be legally required for broadcast.

In Blender, safe areas can be set from the Camera and Sequencer views.

../_images/render_cameras_safe-areas-main-BI.png

Red line: Action safe. Green line: Title safe.¶

The Safe Areas can be customized by their outer margin, which is a percentage scale of the area between the center and the render size. Values are shared between the Video Sequence editor and camera view.

Title Safe Margins X/Y: Also known as Graphics Safe. Place all important information (graphics or text) inside this area to ensure it can be seen by the majority of viewers.
Action Safe Margins X/Y: Make sure any significant action or characters in the shot are inside this area. This zone also doubles as a sort of “margin” for the screen which can be used to keep elements from piling up against the edges.

Tip

Each country sets a legal standard for broadcasting. These include, among other things, specific values for safe areas. Blender defaults for safe areas follow the EBU (European Union) standard. Make sure you are using the correct values when working for broadcast to avoid any trouble.

Center-Cut Safe Areas¶

Center-cuts are a second set of safe areas to ensure content is seen correctly on screens with a different aspect ratio. Old TV sets receiving 16:9 or 21:9 video will cut off the sides. Position content inside the center-cut areas to make sure the most important elements of your composition can still be visible in these screens.

Blender defaults show a 4:3 (square) ratio inside 16:9 (widescreen).

../_images/render_cameras_safe-areas-cuts-BI.png

Cyan line: action center safe. Blue line: title center safe.¶

Background Images¶

A background picture in your camera can be very helpful in many situations: modeling is obviously one, but it is also useful when painting (e.g. you can have reference pictures of faces when painting textures directly on your model…), or animation (when using a video as background), etc.

Background Source

The source of the background image.

Image: Use an external image, image sequence, video file or generated texture.
Movie Clip: Use one of the Movie Clip data-blocks.

Alpha

Controls the transparency of the background image.

Depth

Choose whether the image is shown behind all objects, or in front of everything.

Frame Method

Controls how the image is placed in the camera view.

Stretch: Forces the image dimensions to match the camera bounds (may alter the aspect ratio).
Fit: Scales the image down to fit inside the camera view without altering the aspect ratio.
Crop: Scales the image up so that it fills the entire camera view, but without altering the aspect ratio (some of the image will be cropped).

Offset X/Y

Positions the background image using these offsets.

In orthographic views, this is measured in the normal scene units. In the camera view, this is measured relative to the camera bounds (0.1 will offset it by 10% of the view width/height).

Rotation

Rotates the image around its center.

Scale

Scales the image up or down from its center.

Flip Horizontally

Swaps the image around, such that the left side is now on the right, and the right now on the left.

Flip Vertically

Swaps the image around, such that the top side is now on the bottom, and the bottom now on the top.

Viewport Display¶

../_images/render_cameras_display-view-BI.png

Camera view displaying safe areas, sensor and name.¶

Size: Size of the camera visualization in the 3D View. This setting has no effect on the render output of a camera. The camera visualization can also be scaled using the standard Scale S transform key.
Limits: Shows a line which indicates Start and End Clipping values.
Mist: Toggles viewing of the mist limits on and off. The limits are shown as two connected white dots on the camera line of sight. The mist limits and other options are set in the World panel, in the Mist section.
Sensor: Displays a dotted frame in camera view.
Name: Toggle name display on and off in camera view.

Passepartout¶

This option darkens the area outside of the camera’s field of view.

Alpha: Controls the transparency of the passepartout mask.

Composition Guides¶

Composition Guides enable overlays onto the camera display that can help when framing a shot.

Center: Adds lines dividing the frame in half vertically and horizontally.
Center Diagonal: Adds lines connecting opposite corners.
Thirds: Adds lines dividing the frame in thirds vertically and horizontally.
Golden Ratio: Divides the width and height into Golden proportions (about 0.618 of the size from all sides of the frame).
Golden Triangle A: Displays a diagonal line from the lower left to upper right corners, then adds perpendicular lines that pass through the top left and bottom right corners.
Golden Triangle B: Same as A, but with the opposite corners.
Harmonious Triangle A: Displays a diagonal line from the lower left to upper right corners, then lines from the top left and bottom right corners to 0.618 the lengths of the opposite side.
Harmonious Triangle B: Same as A, but with the opposite corners.