Smoke Domain

Reference

Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke Type:Domain

The domain object contains the entire simulation. Smoke and fire cannot leave the domain, it will either collide with the edge or disappear, depending on the domain’s settings.

Keep in mind that large domains require higher resolutions and longer bake times. You will want to make it just large enough that the simulation will fit inside it, but not so large that it takes too long to compute the simulation.

To create a domain, add a cube Add ‣ Mesh ‣ Cube, Shift-A and transform it until it encloses the area where you want smoke. Translation, rotation, and scaling are all allowed. To turn it into a smoke domain, click Smoke in Properties ‣ Physics, then select Domain as the Smoke Type.

Nota

You can use other shapes of mesh objects as domain objects, but the smoke simulator will use the shape’s bounding box as the domain bounds. In other words, the actual shape of the domain will still be rectangular.

Settings

Reference

Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ Settings Type:Domain

Resolution

The smoke domain is subdivided into many «cells» called voxels (see voxel) which make up «pixels» of smoke. This setting controls the number of subdivisions in the domain. Higher numbers of subdivisions are one way of creating higher resolution smoke (see High Resolution).

Since the resolution is defined in terms of subdivisions, larger domains will need more divisions to get an equivalent resolution to a small domain.

Also see Note on Divisions and High Resolution.

Time Scale

Controls the speed of the simulation. Low values result in a «slow motion» simulation, while higher values can be used to advance the simulation faster (useful for generating smoke for use in still renders).

Border Collisions

Controls which sides of the domain will allow smoke «through» the domain, making it disappear without influencing the rest of the simulation, and which sides will deflect smoke as if colliding with a Collision Object.

Vertically Open

Smoke disappears when it hits the top or bottom of the domain, but collides with the walls.

Open

Smoke disappears when it hits any side of the domain.

Collide All

Smoke collides with all sides of the domain.

Empty space

Value under which voxels are considered to be empty.

Behavior

Reference

Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ Behavior Type:Domain

Density

Controls how much smoke is affected by density.

• Values above 0 will cause the smoke to rise (simulating smoke which is lighter than ambient air).
• Values below 0 will cause smoke to sink (simulating smoke which is heavier than ambient air).

Temperature Difference

The Temperature Difference setting controls how much smoke is affected by temperature.

The effect this setting has on smoke depends on the per flow object Temperature Difference:

• Values above 0 will result in the smoke rising when the flow object Temperature Difference is set to a positive value, and smoke sinking when the flow object Temperature Difference is set to a negative value.
• Values below 0 will result in the opposite of positive values, i.e. smoke emitted from flow objects with a positive Temperature Difference will sink, and smoke from flow objects with a negative Temperature Difference will rise.

Note that smoke from multiple flow objects with different temperatures will mix and warm up/cool down until an equilibrium is reached.

Vorticity

Controls the amount of turbulence in the smoke. Higher values will make lots of small swirls, while lower values make smoother shapes.

Comparison of different amounts of vorticity. The domain on the left has a vorticity of 3, while the domain on the right has a vorticity of 0.01.

Dissolve

Allow smoke to dissipate over time.

Time

Speed of smoke’s dissipation in frames.

Slow

Dissolve smoke in a logarithmic fashion. Dissolves quickly at first, but lingers longer.

Smoke Flames

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ Flames

Reaction Speed

How fast fuel burns. Larger values result in smaller flames (fuel burns before it can go very far), smaller values result in larger flames (fuel has time to flow farther before being fully consumed).

Smoke

Amount of extra smoke created automatically to simulate burnt fuel.

Vorticity

Additional vorticity for flames.

Temperature Ignition

Minimum temperature of flames.

Maximum

Maximum temperature of flames.

Smoke Color

Color of smoke created by burnt fuel.

Adaptive Domain

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ Adaptive Domain

When enabled, the domain will adaptively shrink to best fit the smoke, saving computation time by leaving voxels without smoke out of the simulation. Unless the Additional option is used, the adaptive domain will not exceed the bounds of the original domain.

Additional

Number of voxels to add around the outside of the domain.

Margin

Amount of extra space to leave around smoke, measured in voxels. With very fast-moving smoke larger margins may be required to prevent the smoke from being cut off by the adaptive boundary, but note this will increase the number of voxels which need to be computed.

Threshold

Smallest amount of smoke a voxel can contain before it is considered empty and the adaptive domain is allowed to cut it out of the simulation.

High Resolution

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ High Resolution

The High Resolution option lets you simulate at a low resolution and then it uses noise techniques to enhance the resolution without actually computing it. This allows animators to set up a low resolution simulation quickly and later add details without changing the overall fluid motion. Also see Note on Divisions and High Resolution.

Resolution Divisions

Factor by which to enhance the resolution of smoke using the specified noise method.

Flow Sampling

Method for sampling the high resolution flow.

Noise Method

The two options, Wavelet and FFT, are very similar.

Comparison of noise methods. Wavelet on the left, FFT on the right.

Nota

Wavelet is an implementation of Turbulence for Fluid Simulation.

Strength

Strength of noise.

From left to right, the domains” high resolution strengths are set to 0, 2, and 6.

Dica

The visibility of high resolution smoke in the viewport can be toggled in the render Simplify options.

Note on Divisions and High Resolution

High Resolution Divisions and Domain Subdivisions are not equivalent. By using different combinations of these resolution settings, you can obtain a variety of different styles of smoke.

Comparison between a domain with 24 divisions and 4 High Resolution divisions (left), and a domain with 100 divisions and 1 High Resolution division (right).

Low division simulations with lots of High Resolution divisions generally appear smaller in real-world scale (larger flames, etc.) and can be used to achieve pyroclastic plumes such as this:

High Domain Division simulations tend to appear larger in real-world scale, with many smaller details.

Collections

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Properties ‣ Physics ‣ Collections

Flow

If set, only objects in the specified Collection will be allowed to act as flow objects in this domain.

Collision

If set, only objects in the specified Collection will be allowed to act as collision objects in this domain.

Smoke Cache

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Physics ‣ Smoke ‣ Cache

See Baking.

Field Weights

Reference

Type:Domain Panel:Properties ‣ Physics ‣ Field Weights

These settings determine how much gravity and Force Fields affect the smoke.

Effector Collection

When set, smoke can only be influenced by force fields in the specified collection.

Gravity

How much the smoke is affected by Gravity.

All

Overall influence of all force fields.

The other settings determine how much influence individual force field types have.

Smoke with a wind force field.