Structure

With meshes, everything is built from three basic structures: vertices, edges and faces.

Example of mesh structure.

Vertices

The most elementary part of a mesh is the vertex (vertices plural) which is a single point or position in 3D space. Vertices are represented in the 3D Viewport in Edit Mode as small dots. The vertices of an object are stored as an array of coordinates.

Tip

Do not mistake the object origin for a vertex. It may look similar, but it is bigger and cannot be selected.

The vertex is labeled as “A”; the object’s origin dot is labeled as “B”.

Edges

An edge always connects two vertices by a straight line. The edges are the “wires” you see when you look at a mesh in wireframe view. They are usually invisible on the rendered image. They are used to construct faces.

Faces

Faces are used to build the actual surface of the object. They are what you see when you render the mesh. If this area does not contain a face, it will simply be transparent or nonexistent in the rendered image.

A face is defined as the area between either three (triangles), four (quadrangles) or more (n-gons) vertices, with an edge on every side. The faces are often abbreviated to tris, quads & n-gons.

Triangles are always flat and therefore easy to calculate. On the other hand, quadrangles “deform well” and are therefore preferred for animation and subdivision modeling.

See also

• Why should triangles be avoided for character animation?

• When should N-gons be used, and when shouldn’t they?

Normals

In geometry, a normal is a direction or line that is perpendicular to something, typically a triangle or surface but can also be relative to a line, a tangent line for a point on a curve, or a tangent plane for a point on a surface.

Normals help to determine the shading of the mesh among other things.

A visualization of the face normals of a torus.

In the figure above, each blue line represents the normal for a face on the torus. The lines are each perpendicular to the face on which they lie. The visualization can be activated, in Edit Mode, in the Mesh Display Viewport Overlays panel.

Shading

Surface normals play a fundamental role in determining how light interacts with 3D objects and thus greatly influence the shading of those objects. Normals can be shaded smooth or flat.

When a mesh uses flat shading, the faces are rendered and displayed faces uniformly. This is usually desirable for objects with flat surfaces such as a cube or pyramid.

When a mesh uses smooth shading, the normals are interpolated cross the vertices of a polygonal mesh, smooth transitions between adjacent polygons can be achieved, resulting in a more realistic appearance.

By default face normals have flat shading however, this can be adjusted either for the whole object or per face.

To adjust the the shading of the whole object, use:

• Shade Smooth – To mark the whole object as smooth

• Shade Smooth by Angle – To mark portions of the object as smooth

To revert to flat shading, use Shade Flat

The shading of objects can also be adjusted per face, edge, or vertex.

Custom Split Normals

Custom Split Normals is a way to tweak/fake shading by pointing normals towards other directions than the default, auto-computed ones. It is mostly used in game development, where it helps counterbalance some issues generated by low-poly objects (the most common examples are low-poly trees, bushes, grass, etc. and the ‘rounded’ corners).

Blender supports custom normals on a ‘smooth fan’ base, defined as a set of neighbor face corners sharing the same vertex and ‘linked’ by smooth edges. This means you can have normals per face corners, per a set of neighbor face corners, or per vertex.

Tip

The computation of Custom Split Normals can be disabled to improve performance. This option can be found in the Simplify Rendering Settings.

Editing Custom Split Normals

Reference

Mode:

Edit Mode

Menu:

Mesh ‣ Normals

Shortcut:

Alt-N

There are a number of tools for editing custom split normals. The custom normal mesh edit tools can affect all normals (the default), or only selected ones. To select a custom normal associated with a particular vertex and face:

• Make the element selection mode both Vertex and Face (use Shift-LMB to enable the second one).

• Select one or more vertices, then select a face. This can be repeated to select more vertices and a different face and so on. It is easiest to see the effect of these tools if you turn on the Edit Mode Overlays option Display vertex-per-face normals as lines.

See also

Editing Normals.

Importing Custom Split Normals

Some tools, particularly those used in CAD, tend to generate irregular geometry when tessellating their objects into meshes (very thin and long triangles, etc.). Auto-computed normals on such geometry often gives bad artifacts, so it is important to be able to import and use the normals as generated by the CAD tool itself.

Note

Currently, only the FBX Importer and Alembic Importer are capable of importing custom normals.

Topology

Loops

Edge and face loops.

Edge and face loops are sets of faces or edges that form continuous “loops” as shown in Fig. Edge and face loops..

In the image above, loops that do not end in poles are cyclic (1 and 3). They start and end at the same vertex and divide the model into two partitions. Loops can be a quick and powerful tool to work with specific, continuous regions of a mesh and are a prerequisite for organic character animation. For a detailed description of how to work with loops in Blender, see: Select Edge Loops.

Note

Note that loops (2 and 4) do not go around the whole model. Loops stop at so-called poles because there is no unique way to continue a loop from a pole. Poles are vertices that are connected to either three, five, or more edges. Accordingly, vertices connected to exactly one, two or four edges are not poles.

Edge Loops

Loops (1 and 2) in Fig. Edge and face loops. are edge loops. They connect vertices so that each one on the loop has exactly two neighbors that are not on the loop and placed on both sides of the loop (except the start and end vertex in case of poles).

Edge loops are an important concept especially in organic (subsurface) modeling and character animation. When used correctly, they allow you to build models with relatively few vertices that look very natural when used as subdivision surfaces and deform very well in animation.

Take Fig. Edge and face loops. in organic modeling as an example: the edge loops follow the natural contours and deformation lines of the skin and the underlying muscles. The loops are denser in areas that deform more when the character moves, for example at the shoulders or knees.

Further details on working with edge loops can be found in Select Edge Loops.

Face Loops

These are a logical extension of edge loops in that they consist of the faces between two edge loops, as shown in loops (3 and 4) in Fig. Edge and face loops.. Note that for non-circular loops (4) the faces containing the poles are not included in a face loop.

Further details on working with face loops can be found in Face Loop Selection.

Poles

See N-poles & E-poles.

Non-Manifold

See Non-manifold.